Something Impressive About Mexico

Mexico; formerly known as Estados Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican State) has 1500 mile long border with the US, and is situated in North America. The total area of Mexico country is 750,000 sq. miles. It is said that Mexico is the 'Paradise for Tourists'.

Deserts, snow-capped volcanoes of Popocatépetl and Ixtaccíhuatl, crowded modernized cities, ostentatious resorts, lovely white-sand beaches and a marvelous collection of flora and fauna are the attractions for the tourists. Each year about 4-5 million tourists visit Mexico.
A journey to Mexico might not be expensive, unlike other countries of the world. There are hotels, transportation and food available at variable rates. Mexico City, Acapulco, Cancun, Guadalajara, Playa Del Carmen, Merida are the cities, towns and villages of Mexico.

Mexico City

Mexico City is the world's largest city, located at Tenochtitlan-The Capital City built by Aztecs. This international city has got sight-seeing places like parks, museums, huge colonial buildings, an Aztec pyramid, restaurants, resorts and lovely nights.
If you do not like to enjoy these places, then you can roam about on the roads, face polluted air, traffic jams and a large Mexican population, 24 hours a day.

In Mexico City, there are many places to visit like, Zocalo Chapultepec Museum, Guadalupe Shrine, Tulancingo, Pyramid of Niches, you can also take a boat ride at Xochimilco.

ACAPULCO

Nahua Indians-The Predecessor of the Aztecs, discovered Acapulco. It's a favorite place with wide-spread warm water beaches with a sun shine. Acapulco is an ideal sight for the beach lovers. If sun does not shine then it becomes as dark as night.

Cancun

Cancun is basically a costal city of Mexico, and is the hottest tourist preference. The city is situated along a beautiful coast. For beach lovers, it's a perfect place for vacations. You can enjoy the white sand along with the contrast of blue waters. It is a great opportunity to enjoy the world under water. You can go deep in the water for a swim, or take sunbath. Cancun has got 150 luxurious hotels. These hotels are equipped with international standards and are expensive ones. But you can also find some low cost hotels also. At Cancun, you can have a chance to swim with dolphins, sharks and manatees.

Playa del Carmen

Playa del Carmen is located at Mexicana Caribbean coast, 60 km South from Cancun. It is also known as Xaman Ha (waters of the North) and is the exciting part of Maya World. Playa del Carmen is gifted with perfect white sand and crystal-clear Caribbean waters. It is a place where you can really get the natural beauty.

Guadalajara

Guadalajara is the second most populated city of Mexico, and is also the capital city of the State of Jalisco. This place has got an ideal climate. Days are hot and shiny, while nights are cool and clear. Guadalajara-The City of Roses contains parks, fountains, plazas, and wide tree-lined boulevards are sprinkled about the city.

Merida

Merida is also known as 'White City' because there are white limestone and white paints all over the city. Merida is the capital city of State of Yucatan. The people of Merida are warm-hearted and friendly. There is no concept of crimes and thefts. The biggest problem you will face is finding a hotel appropriate to your budget. Merida is a place to enjoy Mexican culture.

Mexico is a tremendous destination to explore either with family or along with friends. There exist blue waters, bars, restaurants, parks and museums where you can have fun filled days and nights. One hasn't seen this wonderful place must come once and enjoy this sight-seeing place.

Maaz Iqbal is a copywriter and an SEO-based content writer. He maintains a blog which is, http://advertisinginnovations.blogspot.com/

Robben Island Became a Unesco World Heritage Site in 1999 - Cape Town South Africa

The city of Cape Town is situated on the south western tip of the African continent, in one of the most beautiful natural locations in the world.

How many Cape Town visitors are aware that our historic, enigmatic Robben Island is actually the summit of an ancient mountain, now hidden beneath the waves and linked to the Blouberg coastline by an undersea saddle?

Robben Island is made up of a lower layer of Malmesbury shale which shapes its wild coastline, covered by a layer of limestone and calcrete, and topped by sand and a myriad fragments of shell. The island measures 5.6 kms approx. from north to south and 2.6 kms approx. from east to west. The highest point is 24 metres above sea level.

The inhospitable submerged rocks ringing the coastline of the island have the reputation of sinking some 22 ships starting with the Yeanger of Horne in 1611.

Early seafarers referred to Robben Island Cape Town as the Isle of Purgatory separated as it is from the Cape mainland by a rough stretch of ice cold Atlantic Ocean.

The crews of passing ships were first to land on the island in the 1500s to replenish their food supplies from the meat of the seals and penguins, and Robben Island was so named from the Dutch word Robbe for 'seal'

Robben Island became a Unesco World Heritage site in 1999. It remains an often painful reminder of dark days in South Africa, and a symbol of human dignity and suppression during the Apartheid years of the Nationalist Government. Its purpose for many years was as a type of local Alcatraz to imprison dissidents, political opponents - freedom fighters and enemies of the Apartheid regime.

Since the first human occupation of the Cape, Robben Island Cape Town has worn a number of guises. It has been used as a postal centre, sheep farm, whaling station, mental asylum, leper colony, hospital, a garrison and a prison.

The island had become a prison colony as early as the mid 1600s. Khoi and slave criminals were sent there from the mainland. One Sheikh Madura who opposed Dutch colonialism in his native East Indies, was also imprisoned on Robben Island. His shrine stands near the prison building.

In later years, Bushmen and Xhosa chiefs, defeated in the Eastern Frontier wars were banished to Robben Island.

From 1846 Robben Island became a hospital for 'lunatics' lepers and chronically ill people from poorer communities. It soon developed a reputation for poor sanitary conditions. The water was bad and the food poor. There followed a leprosy 'scare' in the 1880s when many leprosy sufferers were rounded up and shipped to Robben Island.

During the 1930s the hospital buildings were burnt down and in anticipation of war, Robben Island was fortified by big guns and occupied by a local artillery school. The arms however were never used in combat and in 1959 the island was taken over by the then Department of Prisons.

The first political prisoners arrived at Robben Island Cape Town in 1962. They were followed by members of the then banned African National Congress including the most well known, Nelson Mandela who, after many years in exile on the island, was to become president of South Africa in 1994.

Prison conditions were harsh in those years and the warders were renowned for their brutality. The prisoners were made to do hard manual labour in a lime quarry, but in their free time committed themselves to continuing the struggle, while studying and fighting illiteracy.

The ANC was unbanned in 1990 and by the following year the air of political change was being felt in South Africa. Democracy was finally a reality. The Nationalist government of South Africa gave in to demands and the last prisoners left Robben Island in May 1991.

The island has been opened to the public and has become a popular if not essential destination for Cape Town visitors. Tours on the island are run by the Robben Island Museum Tours Department and some tour guides are ex-political prisoners who live on the island.

You don't need to book days in advance of your trip to Cape Town if you want to visit Robben Island. When you arrive in the city make your way to the V&A Waterfront where you'll find a booking office at the 'Nelson Mandela Gateway'.

Guided tours to Robben Island take 3.5 hours including a return boat trip from Cape Town Waterfront, A visit to the prison and a bus tour with commentary.

Gerald Crawford was born in South Africa, studied electronics, telecommunication, eco-travel and african travel concepts. He taught responsible tourism in South Africa. If you have any questions or comments please e-mail me on. E-mail Address: southafricantravelarticles@12234455.co.za Website Address: http://www.12234455.co.za

The Intriguing Fortified Town of Al Zubarah Qatar

Qatar's fortified town of Al Zubarah has been recently declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its deep historical and cultural value to the country and the world. Be one of the many adventurers, who brave the Arabian Desert, to behold this once flourishing trading port town. Al Zubarah's history goes all the way back to the mid-1700s, when it was a thriving pearl fishing and trading port hub facing the Persian Gulf. Today, the town provides invaluable insights to the life of the Arabs before the booming oil economy dominated the region.

Al Zubarah, is the first World Heritage Site for Qatar. Because of the town's dominance in pearl trading, it has become a prominent commercial center for the entire Arabian Gulf. But this same prominence and power would later be the reason for the town's enemies, particularly, Bahrain's ruling family, to invade. Most of the town was destroyed in 1811, and then became fully abandoned during the early period of the 20th century.

Before its excavation in the 21st century, Al Zubarah had been forgotten, sleeping underneath the desert sand for many decades. These days, some areas of this impressive walled coastal town have been excavated and have become a highly protected archaeological sites. The remains of streets, courtyard homes, palaces, mosques and fishermen huts have been unveiled for all the world to see.

The 54-hectare town of Al Zubarah is a reflection of old Qatar and the manner in which its people lived. During your visit to this historic port town, you will be mesmerized by the long wall belt surrounding the once standing community. Remains of guard towers can still be seen around the fort area. Outside the walls is a separate quarter where houses were eventually built, marking the expansion of the town.

When you head out to the fishermen's village in the northwest section; you will discover the old yet distinct Qatari technique of building construction. Such technique combines mud mortar with limestone and coral rock to produce the base layer. This layer is then topped with a gypsum-based plaster, adorned with various geometrical patterns. One of the most notable landmarks in this archaeological site is the Al-Zubarah fort, which now functions as a museum and houses the Visitor Center. Here, you can explore exhibits and a vast collection of artifacts found during the first excavation of the area.

The good news is there is no admission fee for the Al Zubarah! Anyone can enter and explore this marvelous historical site as it is always open. What is a little trickier is getting to the site, which is an adventure in itself. The town lies on the northwest coast of Qatar, and is about 107 km from the city of Doha. A four-wheel-drive is the most ideal type of vehicle to cross the desert and reach Al Zubarah. A GPS device is very essential to help you find your way.

After spending a fruitful day walking around the site, take a break and go for a refreshing swim. Take note that there no refreshment stands in the town, so it's best to bring your own snacks and drinks. The Madinat Al-Shamal is the closest restaurant to the site.

Albany, Oregon - A Historical Town Located in the Grass Seed Capital of the World

When I began my interview with Steve Lathrop, a business reporter for the Albany Democrat Herald, he described the city of Albany as somewhat conservative, yet was quick to clarify that it was at the same time rather diverse and welcoming. I have never been to Albany myself, although I have undoubtedly driven by it many times on the drive between Oregon's two largest cities, Portland and Eugene. In fact, the location of Albany, considered the hub of Willamette Valley, is what Steve likes most about it. The city lies at the confluence of the Calapooia River and the Willamette River, and although it is most definitely a small city, with a population between 45,000 and 50,000 people, Steve insists that due to its location, it retains most of the perks of a large city. It is a quick drive to Oregon's three largest cities, as well as equidistant from the Oregon Coast and the Cascade Mountains.

Inhabited by Native Americans long before the first European settler arrived in 1845, Albany is one of Oregon's oldest cities. Steve emphasizes that the city uses its historical heritage to its advantage, for "it's done a great job preserving and highlighting its historic sites, particularly the historic homes." If one were to visit the city, taking Historic Homes Tour, as well as visiting Timber Linn Park and the Albany Regional Museum, is considered a must. According to Steve, an ideal day in Albany would consist of strolling downtown and through the parks along the Willamette River, which splits North Albany from downtown. The Regional Museum is located downtown, and if one were to visit now they would see the construction of a carousel that is scheduled to be up and running in a few years time. Along with the historic sites, Albany is also famous for its many antiques dealers. Come in the winter and you may be able to take a horse-drawn carriage ride to take in the historic homes all lit up for the season. Cap off a perfect day in the city with dinner at Cappies, or Sybaris, Steve's personal favorite restaurant. A quick look at the eclectic menus of these restaurants, that are constantly changing, would assure anyone that gourmet food is not only to be found in big cities.

Nonetheless, Albany is a small city, and for the most part the population remains conservative. Yet Albany is a friendly city and according to Steve, the most progressive city in Linn County. The populace is greatly invested in education and making Albany livable. There are numerous local events held throughout the year, such as River Rhythms, which features free national and international music acts each Thursday night throughout the summer. August brings the Art and Air Festival, which consists of hot air balloons, art, and music at Timber Linn Park. Albany is also famous for its Veteran's Day Parade, which for many, many years was the largest of its kind west of the Mississippi. Steve told me that all of these events are well attended, and representative of the kind of community that only a small population can offer.

Like many cities in Oregon, Albany used to be a Timber town, but is now more invested in the metals industry and of course, the production of grass seed in the surrounding environs. The town has a growing Hispanic population, which Steve claims has led to several wonderful Hispanic restaurants. In fact, Albany is the third fastest growing city in Oregon. Despite the recession, which has been tough for the county, employment has risen and seems to have now stabilized. Albany retains close ties to Linn-Benton Community College and Oregon State University, which Steve believes is important to the future of the city. There is a considerable effort being put into creating new businesses, and Steve is adamant that Albany will continue to grow and remain the key economic force in Linn County. Next time I am driving between Portland and Eugene, I am excited to stop and see for myself.

Do you want to purchase your first or second home in Oregon? If so, don't hesitate to check out properties that you can rent before you buy. Buy a rental property and test-drive for a few nights to make sure it fits your needs and lifestyle and to make sure you're investing in the perfect property. It's currently the growing trend in the real estate industry.

Kiran is a third culture kid, whose love of maps was cultivated from a very young age. Having been raised the daughter of two diplomats, she had visited thirty-six countries by her twenty-first birthday. She has driven across the United States five times, and in light of all her travels, is adamant that America is one of the most beautiful countries on earth.

The Ancient Towns of Shanghai

Shanghai is an exciting city to visit for so many reasons. This world-renowned pulsating metropolis located on the Yangtze River, is the economic, financial, and science and technology hub center of East China. The continuous development of this growing city will surely leave you breathless and fascinated.

Shanghai does not only prioritize modernization but it also manages to create a multicultural environment that perfectly fuses the western and oriental influences. By hopping on one of the tourist buses from the east bus station of Shanghai Stadium, you can easily visit the major attractions in the city such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, Baoyang Road Harbor and the Bund. However, you will not regret making the effort to discover the other side of Shanghai, and seek out its traditional culture and heritage, which are well-preserved in the beautiful old towns of this giant metropolis.

Quibao

You will find Quibao in the Minhang District of Shanghai, about 12 miles (18 km) from the downtown area. This destination gives you the taste of what Shanghai's ancient water towns were like as it has a history that spans more than a thousand years. One of the main landmarks that you must visit while in this area is the Qibao Temple. The temple exhibits an exquisite architecture, which represents the style of the Han and Tang Dynasty. The Qibao Temple has become a symbol of the prosperous days of the town.

After visiting a holy ground, head out to the most amusing attraction in town, the cricket museum. Believe or not, cricket fighting is a favorite ancient Chinese pastime. In the museum, you can see the different types of cricket on display, and there is even a live cricket fighting show you can watch.

Another highly entertaining activity you could do is watching the Shadow Play, which originated from Quibao, and is integral to Shanghai's folk art heritage. The play narrates stories of historical significance in local dialect. Even though you won't understand the words, it is still quite fascinating to watch how colorful illustrations and dramatic music convey the story and emotions of the character.

Zhujiajiao

Even with all the technology-advanced, skyscraper-filled districts in the city, Zhujiajiao will still make a lasting impression. Dubbed as Shanghai's Venice, the widely popular Zhujiajiao brightly glistens against the backdrop of scenic mountains and lakes. Situated in a Shanghai's suburb, this little town gives you a respite from the chaotic urban scene. Willow trees, charming courtyards and old bridges over crystal streams dominate the surroundings instead of high rise condos and massive malls.

There is something quite romantic and tranquil about visiting the old distinct bridges of Zhujiajiao. These bridges come in various shapes, sizes and materials; and they date back as far as the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The 1571 Fangsheng Bridge is one of the most notable among the bridges because of its length, size and height. Another iconic bridge in town worth visiting is the wooden Lang Bridge (Huimin Bridge).

You should not miss exploring the town's best preserved ancient street, the North Street. In this one-kilometer stretch, you will find some of the best ancient structures, built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Other Zhujiajiao attractions to experience and explore are the stunning Ke Zhi Yuan garden, Shanghai Handwork Exhibition Hall, and Yuanjin Meditation Room.

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Amazing Highlights Would Leave You Amazed With Cheap Flights to Cape Town

At long last, the summer season is trying to set off a conversation with you to take a city break in one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world. So, what have you decided where you would be heading to?

Well, there are myriad destinations that largely constitute the gigantic planet we all live on and they have, in fact, been enticing a flock of the backpackers from all across the world to explore their hidden facets, but Cape Town is a city in South Africa that no one can turn his back on. This is because of the reason that the tourist attractions lie in abundance in this mesmerizing city that you would not be able to have enough of this gorgeous town unless you have a good number of days in your bag. There is not just one but heaps of reasons that let the travelers take to the air to this fascinating South African town.

You do not even have to think about the climate to become airborne to the city where the climate remains pleasant right through the year. The peak season when most of the backpackers prefer booking cheap flights to Cape Town is from November through January.

Is Cape Town a city of delights?

Absolutely! You would really be spoiled for a choice being in such an enthralling city which leaks an appeal from every corner. Surrounded by the dazzling beaches and awe-inspiring mountains, you can't help falling in love with this beautiful town where the places of interest can be found in galore. Those who visit South Africa for the very first time make sure that Cape Town is on the top of their list of destinations to cover in the country.

Would you not be taken aback when this charming city would bestow a mélange of arts, culture, pictorial landscape, beaches and gardens on you? You would definitely wish you had more days in your bag so that you can cover what is going to be left out, but you really don't have to be anxious because you can take cheap flights to Cape Town again and cover what you could not cover in your previous holiday.

What are the highlights in this stunning city?

Cape Town is the second most densely populated city in South Africa and is renowned for its harbor. There is so much to be taken care of in this amazing town that you may run short of time but there is absolutely no shortage in the number of attractions that are one of the major reasons for the tourists to leave themselves in awe. Some of the tourist attractions are mentioned below.

• Robben Island
• V&A Waterfront
• Table Mountain
• District Six Museum
• Clifton Beaches
• Chapman's Peak Drive
• Sea Point Promenade

The above mentioned highlights would definitely leave you amazed with their undying charm.

What makes so many travelers take cheap flights to Cape Town?

You should inquire about various cheap flights to Cape Town prior to choosing a flight to the city which doesn't burn a hole in your pocket. There are some of the prime airports in the UK that operate a number of flights to this fascinating town like Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, London Gatwick and London Heathrow. If you want to fly nonstop to this city, you can take a British Airways flight departing from London Heathrow LHR and landing at Cape Town International Airport CPT.

There are other airlines that operate regular flights to Cape Town like Emirates, Turkish Airlines, Virgin Atlantic and South African Airways.

Siddharth S Sehrawat is an expert in the travel industry and has extensive knowledge about cheap flights to Cape Town and cheap flight tickets to Cape Town.

Most Visited Countries Around the World - Part 1

Every person who is interested in travelling must have, at least once, wondered about World's Most Visited Countries. Every year, the UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) compiles a list of World Tourism Rankings as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication. Here's a short description about some of these most visited countries around the World.

Malaysia (25.0 Million Visitors)

Kuala Lumpur is a coveted tourist destination for many tourists worldwide. With the Gunung Mulu National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage Site - located in the beautiful resort city of Sarawak and with local operators pitching in luxurious holidays, this is a beautiful vacation spot.

Some of the popular Islands and beaches of Malaysia are Labuan, Langkawi, Pangkor, Penang Island and Redang Island among others. Malaysia is also famous for its nature reserves and national parks, and Sarawak's Bako National Park is famous for its wildlife - especially the Bornean bearded pigs and proboscis monkeys. Other attractions from the country include, Batu Caves, Crystal Mosque at Kuala Terengganu, Petronas Twin Towers of Kuala Lampur, Genting Highlands and Sunway Lagoon.

The idyllic islands, wonderful beaches and tropical rainforests are simply sublime and make visiting Malaysia a truly divine experience.

Russia (25.7 Million Visitors)

A journey around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway and cruises on the big rivers like the Volga - these are the major tourist routes in Russia.

Moscow, the current capital of Russia and Saint Petersburg, the former capital of Russia are the most visited destinations in the country. These places are recognized as World Cities and feature world-renowned museums like Hermitage and Tretyakov Gallery and famous theaters like Mariinsky and Bolshoi among others.

Moscow is an amalgamation of the Soviet architecture and modern skyscrapers while St Petersburg - also called as Venice of the North - boasts of its many rivers, bridges and channels and classical architecture.

Great Britain (29.3 million visitors)

The Great Britain is not 1 country; it is 4 countries in 1 - England, Northern Island, Scotland and Wales. Each of these countries has a distinct feel with different things to see and do. They also have varied landscapes and regional cultures. Visit these unique lands and sample their dynamic towns and gripping history, passionate people and quiet corners.

London is the multi-cultural centre of this nation. The immigrant communities of the city bring an amazing twist to the traditional tourist attractions like the Tower of London and Big Ben. Gazing at the picturesque landscape of Scotland, enjoying the holiday cottages in the Welsh Valleys, visiting the stunning beaches on the East Coast make a visit to this country an exciting experience.

Germany (30.4 Million Visitors)

Germany is one of the most beautiful and most visited countries in the world. It is filled with amazing places like the stunning Rhineland castles and Berlin's German Reichstag with its modern glass dome. The stunning natural attractions of the Black Forest and the mighty rivers are a charm for outdoor lovers.

Around 2000 years of history left its lasting traces in Germany. It stands as the eloquent yet silent witness to the wonders of nature and mankind's achievements. On the UNESCO World Heritage list, there are no less than 38 places from this country. These listed places range from exceptional natural landscapes to historical cathedrals and buildings of the industry and sometimes even whole towns!

Turkey (35.7 Million Visitors)

The only city in the world that is situated in two continents - Istanbul. It is Turkey's largest city, and as capital of the bygone Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, it has a number of major attractions. These include the Hagia Sophia, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the 'Blue Mosque'), the Topkapı Palace, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Pera Palace Hotel and the Spice Bazaar. Istanbul has also become one of the largest shopping centers of the European region by hosting shopping centers and malls, like Akmerkez, Metrocity and Cevahir Mall - the seventh largest shopping center in the world and the biggest mall in Europe.

There are other famous places to visit in Turkey, such as the place where Saint Peter the Apostle preached to a congregation, the Grotto of St Peter in Antakya (Antioch) or one can try some rich Turkish coffee in the cozy cafes of Istanbul. With a great food culture, historical spots of the ancient world and gorgeous beaches, Turkey is a welcome destination for tourists.

The country, though largely famous for seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts and a variety of historical sites, in the recent years, Turkey became a popular destination for health care tourism, culture and spa.

Suri Akhila is a writer/editor in the field of international tourism. She is a globetrotter who loves writing about different places and a consultant for visit visas. If you are looking for more information on Visit Visas contact her

Many Uses of Scaffolding

Scaffolding hire in Cape Town is no longer sought after as a construction aid only. With new technology available as well as a greater demand for scaffolding for temporary structures used at public events and short projects, the uses for scaffolding have become increasingly varied.

With the influx of international music artists, film productions and an increasing number of building restorations, scaffolding is in high demand. Added to this are the many CBD revamps and the massive building projects being undertaken in preparation for the Football World Cup in 2010, making scaffolding a service in high demand.

Film Sets
Cape Town is now world renowned as a preferred film production spot. There is a massive diversity of scenery, culture and landscape and a very willing workforce. Cape Town is also a top destination for international film shoots due to the favourable exchange rate. With a pleasant Mediterranean climate, beautiful beaches, mountains, forests, historic and modern buildings and a variety of other scenery, the production process can be made far easier.

The scaffolding being used on set, needs to be safe and extremely reliable as the scaffolding is likely to be on uneven terrain and will need to support heavy and expensive equipment, not to mention the crew! When multiple locations are used, the contracting crew will need to assemble and dismantle the scaffolding quickly and efficiently and without compromising safety. This is where new technologies are helpful because they allow for quick assembly and dismantling without danger.

Public Events
Cape Town plays host to many large-scale public events such as marathons, rock concerts and expos. Most of the events require temporary structures such as scaffold towers and stages for performances and prize-givings as well as for advertising canvasses for the sponsors of the events.

These events are paramount in building Cape Town's reputation as a world-class city as they are broadcast across the globe and form a basis upon which many foreigners place their opinion of Cape Town. Since these events are filled with people, the safety of the scaffolding needs to be of the highest standards. If there is a flaw in the set up and an accident occurs, many people could be injured.

Access
Another aspect of these massive public events is the management of traffic flow in terms of pedestrians and vehicles. When staging an event where large crowds are expected, it is sometimes necessary to use scaffolding to construct a safe passage for pedestrians across major roads and intersections. Most attendees will have parked their cars in an allotted car park and walked the rest of the way to the event.

Scaffolding aids this process by allowing pedestrians to cross these obstacles and dangerous terrains via temporary footbridges, ramps and walkways. Scaffolding is also a great help in allowing disabled persons to enter an event where there are steps or difficult terrain. Access scaffolding can also be used as a safety precaution on construction sites, helping labourers to avoid uneven terrain which can be dangerous and time consuming to navigate.

Making the Show Go On
It's not longer just the construction sector that is looking to hire scaffolding contractors. In the vibrant city of Cape Town as in other cities around the world, numerous public events are creating a need for scaffolding for many different purposes.

The main concern for event organisers is public safety and efficiency of work to produce world-class events. Scaffolding and proper scaffold use by trained contractors reduces the risks and increases efficiency at large-scale public events.

Author Bio:
CFC is a scaffolding and formwork company based in Cape Town whose products include scaffolding for building and formwork, as well as for large events, access requirements, film sets and restorations. CFC is committed to adhering to stringent health and safety standards in compliance with OHS Act & SANS 10085 and prides itself on getting the job done right, first time.

Life in Portugal: World Famous Spa Towns in Portugal

Everyone needs to relax from time to time. If you have just moved to Portugal and you want to go on a trip, consider visiting one of the country's most popular spa towns. Due to their high quality waters, as well as their location, the most important ones are Caldas da Felgueira, Pedras Salgadas, Manteigas, and Caldas de Chaves. This European country is famous for its spa towns that were favored by the Romans for the purity of the water. Here you can also enjoy various activities and entertainment, both in the towns themselves and in the surrounding countryside.

Caldas de Monchique

This famous spa town is located in the Algarve region. Its waters have healing properties. Place of leisure and relaxation, this picturesque town offers a variety of thermal treatments and well being programs all year round. There are several spa resorts in the area. Most of them offer medical treatments, anti-stress baths, water massages, exfoliation, sliming baths, and beauty procedures.

Caldas da Rainha

Caldas da Rainha was founded by Queen Leonor in the 15th century. The Queen has built a hospital offering a number of procedures based on the healing properties of the springs in the area. Today this is the oldest thermal hospital in the world. With its sulphur rich waters and numerous tourist attractions, this thermal spa town attracts tourists from all over the world. Here you can visit Alcobaça - an impressive medieval town, Óbidos - the most visited historic site outside of Lisbon, and Batalha - an amazing Dominican monastery and cathedral.

Monfortinho

This region is renowned for the quality and purity of its thermal waters. Local legends highlight the healing power of these waters. The Thermal Centre of Monfortinho dates back to Roman times. Those who come here can benefit from a diversified range of treatments, including balneotherapy, airway therapy, physical therapy, Ayurvedic massages, and stone massages. The procedures are complete, combining spiritual well being with physical relaxation.

Pedras Salgadas

Pedras Salgadas is famous for its mineral waters that are naturally carbonated and hypo-thermal, with a rich content in sodium. This small spa town boasts world class spa facilities and green countryside. Its springs have been known since Roman times. The mineral and thermal waters in this region are recommended for respiratory and digestive diseases, stress, weight control, osteoporosis, and rheumatism. There are numerous golf courses in the area, as well as several swimming pools, parks, spa reports, and guided tours.

Many seniors choose to start a new life in Portugal. This country is renowned for its beautiful countryside and historic sights. The Algarve and other regions have mineral and thermal water with healing properties, which attract locals and tourists alike. These waters are recommended to people who suffer from respiratory disease, bone diseases, and obesity, as well as to those who simply want to relax and improve their overall health.

Popcorn Capitals of the World

There are at least 6 towns or cities in the United States that have claimed the title "Popcorn Capital of the World". Some of these localities tie this claim to fame into an annual festival. It seems that people always like to have a reason to celebrate and popcorn is an all-American, fun, healthy item to center a party around. Let's take a quick look at the world popcorn capitals.

Most of the nation's popcorn is grown in Nebraska and Indiana so it seems natural that two of the cities that have claimed this title are in Indiana. Valparaiso, Indiana has a large festival called The Popcorn Festival each year honoring Orville Redenbacher, a former resident who set up a popcorn factory there and participated in the annual parade most years until his death in 1995. Orville Redenbacher popcorn is a widely known brand of popcorn. Van Buren, Indiana also calls itself the Popcorn Capital of the World. The largest employer there is Weaver Popcorn Company and every August they hold the Popcorn Festival.

Only one town in Nebraska has had the popcorn capital title and apparently it no longer celebrates that title. At least I could not find any information about it. A flood in June 2010 did much damage to the town when a dam broke. Marion, Ohio also has had the popcorn capital title but unfortunately I could not find any history about it.

Another former title holder is Ridgway, Illinois. The popcorn plant is closed now. The first popcorn day was held in 1958. It continues to be celebrated as part of the Gallatin County Fair.

Schaller, Iowa was founded in 1879 as a station for the railroad as it was pushing west across the country. Throughout the mid-1900s a major industry for the town was packaging popcorn. Bango and Jolly Time were the two companies located there and this encouraged the townsfolk to take on the title "The Popcorn Capital of the World" but in the mid-1980s the companies moved to other locations.

The titles and festivals may have changed over the years but popcorn continues to be a very popular snack enjoyed by millions of people.

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The World of Cracks and Potholes

Our pavements have never been in a worse state of disrepair than they are today. The reason for this are many. It is estimated that 650 potholes open up every minute in North American streets and highways or 341,640,000 per year. The cost of repairing these would require $51,264,000,000 per year. It is also estimated that there are 88, 070,400,000 feet of cracks in North American streets and highways that need to be repaired annually at a cost of$28,182,528,000. To repair the potholes and cracks requires $79,428,528,000. This is an enormous sum which towns, cities, counties, state and provincial governments have to come up with annually. No matter what, these potholes and cracks will be there every year. In addition, the North American motorist incurs substantial annual costs associated with poor roads above normal routine costs of operating a motor vehicle. A fairly recent report stated that in Los Angeles, the additional cost of operating a motor vehicle is $778. The additional annual cost of operating a motor vehicle in other North American cities is somewhat less, but still significant. Poor road conditions contribute substantially to the number of fatalities annually.

Pavements showing various distresses such as cracks, potholes and ruts also contribute significantly to an increase in fuel consumption. A 1985 road information survey concluded that the additional fuel consumption due to failed pavements amounted to $21.3 billion US dollars annually. The average price of gasoline at the time across the United States was $1.15 per gallon. That means the amount of fuel wasted was 18.52 billion gallons. We can safely say that the amount of gasoline wasted today due to failed pavements is significantly higher. Today, we not only have more failed pavements than ever before, we also have many more cars on the road.

Towns, cities, counties, state and provincial governments have a number programs in place in the hope that it will keep their street and highway pavements in a state of good repair. Their programs consist of preventive maintenance which means filling cracks and potholes, overlaying their failed pavements with a lift or two of conventional asphalt concrete, or reconstruction of a failed pavement. To follow these programs requires an enormous amount of money. This amount of money is difficult to come by, especially during this financial crisis. Cities, towns and counties are near bankruptcy. Even formally wealthy states like, California, are forced to terminate 20,000 government jobs and slashing the pay of 200,000 other employees(during fiscal 2009). The credit crunch of(2008) may last for many more years before enough private capital is available to fuel the economy. Most of the capital available today has come from the stimulus packages passed by Congress. What does all this mean? It means most of our pavements will remain in disrepair for the foreseeable future. If funding is restored to pre2008, it will still be insufficient to cope with all our failed pavements.

Our present approach to deal with all the failed pavements requires new thinking by all of us. The first thing we must do is to think out of the box. So let us look at how we are trying to maintain our extensive network of streets and highways. One term that we constantly bandy about is "Preventive Maintenance". What exactly are we trying to prevent? When we fill potholes or cracks, do we really believe that they are repaired permanently? When we overlay an old failed pavement with one or two lifts of new asphalt concrete, do we really believe that cracks and potholes will not reflect through the new overlay? If we do, then we need a drastic re-evaluation of our experience, training and education. Our so called preventive maintenance involves conventional asphalt concrete either dense-graded or gap-graded. Use of conventional asphalt concrete mixes will do nothing to prevent the old failures from recurring in a very short time. Sometimes it may be only a few months or a few years but they will recur. Paving streets, roads and highways requires huge quantities of crushed aggregate which is readily available. When this aggregate is mixed with the proper amount of asphalt cement as determined in the laboratory, the resultant asphalt concrete mix is classified as conventional asphalt concrete. Conventional asphalt concrete is relatively economical compared to other construction materials. This is one reason why it is used so extensively in road construction. The pavement failures we observe is the direct result of using conventional asphalt concrete mixes. We can change the gradation of the aggregate all we want without improving the performance of the pavement significantly. Thus, we can have dense-graded mixes or gap-graded ones and in the long run find very little improvement. It may take a little longer for a gape-graded pavement to crack compared to a dense-grade asphalt concrete mix. However, the resultant cracks will be wider and grow faster because of the predominantly larger particle sizes. There are many products on the market that claim to mitigate reflective cracking. Some work better than others while some do not work at all.

When we mitigate or even eliminate cracking of a new pavement or reflective in overlays, we will at the same time eliminate the formation of most potholes. As a result, we would drastically reduce the annual cost of $79,428,528,000 to fill all the cracks and potholes that appear every year in North American streets, roads and highways. From the foregoing, we can conclude that, it will continue to require enormous funds to just maintain our highway infrastructure.

The various state and provincial governments own, on average, less than 15% of the roads and highways. The towns, cities and counties own the rest. It is these jurisdictions which carry most of the burden of pavement maintenance. As a result, it is they that have to come up with the money. Clearly, this is just too much of a financial burden to cope with. The first casualty of any budget are the funds allocated for street and road maintenance which are drastically reduced. Is it any wonder that our streets and roads are in such disrepair.

For more information, please visit us at http://www.asphaltec.com.

I am a science graduate ( biology and chemistry ) from the University of British Columbia, class of 1963. I am a past member of the Chemical Institute of Canada and a past member of the Canadian Technical Asphalt Association. I have devoted my entire working life to scientific and technical research of one kind or another. The last 40 years of research have been in the field of asphalt paving technology. I have authored numerous technical reports and published a number of technical papers. Furthermore, I have invented the first ever porous asphalt concrete ( 1986 ) as well as other asphalt based products.

Universal Prosperity Ends Racism

According to Jeremy Nowak in 1997's "Neighborhood Initiatives and the Regional Economies," Areas, regions, or metropolitan statistical areas with the greatest racial segregation have the weakest economies.

Planeterianism, a cosmopolitan conscience, or a diversified disposition; economically benefits the nations of the world more than cities, towns and suburbs with strict districts of racial identification.

Nothing will make everyone like everyone else.

To answer Rodney King's question, "Can't we all just get along?!" Yes, sure we can, and we won't. We won't unify because We is non-existent.

There is no all inclusive We. There is We this and We that.

We Black. We White. We neither. We rich. We poor. We cool. We nerds.

We secret society members. We republicans. We democrats. We happy-go-lucky-don't-give-a-damns. We hard workers. We smart workers. We work.

Planeterians are Human beings who have evolved beyond ethnic-racial identity and recognize that all are from the Sun and live, or survive, according to their acquisition of knowledge and applicable usage of their resources knowledge.

Its not good enough to know only what your parents taught. Know what your so called enemy's parents taught them. Then work to appreciate the commonalities.

Quit acting like we can't become one or that there is no benefit to worldwide Human unification. We are one whether we appreciate it or not. What happens to you economically impacts me economically whether we meet or not; whether we do direct business or not we are participants in the same geo-economic-political-social system.

There are many industries, markets, corporations, businesses, schools, products and services. There are many currencies, governments, and countries. There is one planet we share - the planet Earth. My water is your water. Your air my air.

When we build together we solve problems. We end racism when we form as We. I know it's not as simple as it sounds because a united planet would no longer necessarily be dominated by a global "Caucasian" minority and that's okay.

The new world can't and won't operate like the old one. In fact the new world will not come into existence until some of the inherent traditions of the old world are discontinued.

For example; lying to the public to "protect the public" or lying to the public to steal natural resources.

It is understandable why there is a great level of fear emanating from those who have dominated the political and economical systems of the planet for the last few centuries. They continue to identify themselves by race and class and see their number dwindling. However, fear is unnecessary and the sooner change is embraced the sooner issues will be resolved with sustainable solutions.

The Leadership of the Planet Earth is wasting time and perpetuating death over the core issue of sharing the wealth. The owners of the means of production act as if they are also the creators of the natural resources they both use and exploit. Where is the honor in thief?

This is wrong and what is wrong is not strong and cannot stand too much longer.

C Anthony Walk

Hill Stations and Mountain Towns of India

Shimla- Himachal Pradesh 2205 m

Shimla is a lovely sprawling Himalayan hill station with a leisurely pace of life and an interesting past. It's bound to be a real higlight of any India trip. It was the British summer capital from 1864 and once part of the Kingdom of Nepal, but is now a firm favourite with Indian honeymooners, giving it a real holiday feel. Shimla is popular for its cool mountain air in the hot season, its snowfall in the winter and the famous scenic toy train ride on the way down (or up)! The toy train has recently been given UNESCO World Heritage status and is one of the famous narrow gauge mountain railway journeys of India. If you visit Shimla during your India travels, you can stroll along the Mall enjoying Himalayan views, relax in your hotel garden, or hike up to the Monkey Temple set on a hillside above the town.

Mount Abu- Southern Rajasthan - 1200 m

Rajasthan's only hill station that attracts many Indian tourists from the plains of neighbouring Gujarat state and those retreating from the desert heat of Rajasthan. From one of the viewpoints you can see Pakistan on a clear day - a unique experience to add to your India travel plan. The Maharaja of Jaipur built a summer retreat here in 1897 overlooking the lake. You can do some nice treks here too and there are temples to admire and a polo ground too. Diwali is really big here and it gets very crowded at this time.

Darjeeling- West Bengal Hills - 2134 m

West Bengal's main attraction; Darjeeling is separated from Nepal and Bhutan by snow-capped peaks and lies in the North East foothills of the Himalayas. Take a break from rowdy cities during your India trip to experience the cool mountain air of this charming hill station, surrounded by emerald tea plantations, and home to a fascinating mix of Indian, Nepalese, and Bhutanese people. You can wander through lush green forests, enjoying the fresh mountain air and explore brightly coloured Buddhist monasteries. At the end, you can toast your visit with a steaming cup of Darjeeling - the champagne of teas. This is an excellent spot to begin a North East India tour into the Himalayas, as well the gateway to the relatively undiscovered state of Sikkim and neighbouring Bhutan.

Gangtok- East Sikkim - 1400-1700m

The name Gangtok means 'hill top' and is the capital of Sikkim, a beautiful province that many travellers forget to add to their India itinerary. The buildings are perched along a sharp mountain ridge. The town itself is not so attractive in its' architecture, but the views, when clear of clouds, are very impressive. There are excellent views of the Kangchenjunga Range from various points along the way. Mount Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world, towers over all of the scenery, dwarfing its surroundings. It is viewed as a hill station holiday resort by many holidaying Bengalis. It can get very busy at festival times for this reason, so bear this in mind if you're thinking of including Sikkim in your India tour.

Dharamsala- Himachal Pradesh 1219 m

Dharamsala is known as 'Little Lhasa', and it will provide a really different spin on your India trip. It is full of burgundy and saffron clad Buddhist monks and fluttering prayer flags. You'll find the fresh mountain air and the cool air a welcome change from the city smog and hectic traffic. During your stay, you can find out more about Tibetan culture, try some meditation and perhaps take some yoga lessons, listen to the monks chanting prayers in the monastery, or watch their lively debates at the temple. Wander up to the beautiful waterfall in the hills above the town, or visit the Norbulingka Institute, an artistic academy for young Tibetans set amongst beautiful gardens. Trekking and alternative and holistic therapies are also on offer here. McLeod Ganj is the place to stay for most travellers to India. It's uphill from the busy centre below. The Dalai Lama's residence is nearby (His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama) and so this is the centre for the Tibetan Government in exile. In the 1850s McLeod was a British garrison and administration centre for the colonial government.

Nilgiri hill stations- The western Ghats - Ooty - 2240 m, Coonoor - 1850 m, Kotagiri - 1793 m

Kotagiri is the oldest of the three Nilgiri hill stations and is quiet and unassuming. It is a quiet contrast to the over-development of the more popular Ooty, so it will be a refreshing change from city life during your India tour.

When in Coonoor you should head to Upper Coonoor for peace, quiet and tranquillity as well as the best views. Central Coonoor itself is quite hectic and not so charming. Ooty is perhaps one of the most famous of India's hill stations in Southern India. As with Shimla it was the British Colonial head-quarters for the government in Madras (now Chennai). You can take the miniature train on a scenic ride up too Ooty and the forests and mountain views are lovely. Old Ooty was nicknamed 'Snooty-Ooty'. Here travellers to India mix with international students and honeymooners and some parts of Ooty still look very like rural England.

Kodaikanal- Tamil Nadu - 2100 m

This hill station is a cool retreat from the heat of the plains in Tamil Nadu state. It is around 120 kms from the bustling, colourful temple town of Madurai. It has a relaxed pace and is popular with Indian honeymooners. High season in Kodai is from April to June and this is reflected in the hiked prices for accommodation. Indian tourists love row boats and pedal boats and take them out on the lake here. Treks can be arranged and you should hire a guide from the tourist office or youth hostel and of course, as it is India, guides will probably approach you in the street. Or perhaps just get up early and take the 5 km circuit around the lake when it is quiet if you do not fancy trekking into the forest and mountains. Head to Coakers Walk for a great view across the valley below and if you stay at the youth hostel the views from the lower rooms are good too. The valleys can gather mist which is very atmospheric but will sometimes hinder your view.

Manali - Himachel Pradesh - 2050 m

The modern town of Manali is built on an ancient site, but does not have the colonial history, charm and attractive setting of Shimla or some of the other hill stations, but it has a big reputation hanging over from the 70's and 80's scene and western hippy scene.

There is high quality marijuana that grows in this region. This attracts a certain kind of traveller, but it is still illegal to smoke it in India. It is now more popular with Indian honeymooners and the western 'hippy' travellers are more likely to now reside in neighbouring villages such as Vashisht or Dhungri. The nearby countryside is good for hiking and there are forests, orchards and old temples and the Beas River to explore. Old Manali is more peaceful and charming and walking distance from New Manali or just a short auto-rickshaw ride. Adventure travellers can find opportunities to go rafting, paragliding, skiing as well as trekking.

Munnar - The Western Ghats - 1524 m

Munnar town itself is not so great to look at, but the reason to head up to this hill station is the sea of emerald green tea plantations that surround the town. It's a real joy to walk through the rolling green hills and take in the cool air and tranquillity of this region. Some of the highest commercial tea estates of the world are in this area. Munnar was another colonial British retreat in days gone by.

Mussoorie - Uttarakhand - 2003 m

This hill station is often referred to as the 'Queen of Hill Stations' and was established by the British in 1823. In parts the images of the colonial era linger, as they do in Shimla, in the form of old churches, hotels and summer palaces. It can get very busy here in the summer months, but at other times of year prices can drop quite dramatically and vacancies are easily found. There are great views across the Doon Valley and the distant snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas are visible on a clear day. As with Shimla, this hill station is easily accessible from Delhi so will get busy at holiday and festival times, something to keep in mind if you're going to schedule it into your India trip.

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